Assessing the Nationwide COVID-19 Risk in Mexico through the Lens of Comorbidity by an XGBoost-Based Logistic Regression Model.

The outbreak of the new COVID-19 disease is a serious health problem that has affected a large part of the world population, especially older adults and people who suffer from a previous comorbidity. In this work, we proposed a classifier model that allows for deciding whether or not a patient might suffer from the COVID-19 disease, considering spatio-temporal variables, physical characteristics of the patients and the presence of previous diseases. We used XGBoost to maximize the likelihood function of the multivariate logistic regression model. The estimated and observed values of percentage occurrence of cases were very similar, and indicated that the proposed model was suitable to predict new cases (AUC = 0.75). The main results revealed that patients without comorbidities are less likely to be COVID-19 positive, unlike people with diabetes, obesity and pneumonia. The distribution function by age group showed that, during the first and second wave of COVID-19, young people aged ≤20 were the least affected by the pandemic, while the most affected were people between 20 and 40 years, followed by adults older than 40 years. In the case of the third and fourth wave, there was an increased risk for young individuals (under 20 years), while older adults over 40 years decreased their chances of infection. Estimates of positive COVID cases with both the XGBoost-LR model and the multivariate logistic regression model were used to create maps to visualize the spatial distribution of positive cases across the country. Spatial analysis was carried out to determine, through the data, the main geographical areas where a greater number of positive cases occurred. The results showed that the areas most affected by COVID-19 were in the central and northern regions of Mexico.

Human root dentin microhardness and degradation by triple antibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide.

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the effects of the two widely used regenerative endodontics medicaments: Triple antibiotic paste (ciprofloxacine-metronidazole-clindamycin) and calcium hydroxide on the microhardness and degradation of human root dentin. METHODS: Following ethical approval and subject consent to use teeth in this research study, 60 singled-rooted permanent human teeth were randomly divided into six groups:(1) Tri-antibiotic paste with distilled water, or with (2) propylene glycol, (3) calcium hydroxide with distilled water, (4) calcium hydroxide propylene glycol, (5) untreated extracted teeth as negative controls, or (6) teeth instrumented and filled with calcium hydroxide or tri-antibiotic paste as positive controls. The microhardness tests were conducted after 1 and 2 months of exposure to the medicaments using a Vickers microhardness tester. Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were used to evaluate the chemistry and structure of the root dentin. RESULTS: There were differences in the dentin microhardness following treatment with the medicaments or controls (P< 0.05). The time of root dentin exposure to the medicaments was similar (P> 0.05). The root dentin microhardness was lower in the teeth treated with the triple antibiotic paste or calcium hydroxide when combined with propylene glycol. The root dentin collagen in these treated teeth were also significantly degraded when viewed with Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, whereas the inorganic phase (dentin) remained unaltered. Samples exposed to the antimicrobial agents with water as a vehicle exhibited stronger microhardness and less degradation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These ex vivo results suggest that the triple antibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide should be used with propylene glycol if a fast diffusion is desired or with water to avoid degrading the collagen and weakening the microhardness of the teeth. Clinical trials are needed of new formulations of medicaments with propylene glycol to disinfect teeth for regenerative endodontic procedures, to help strengthen the teeth to prevent the loss of children's permanent immature teeth by fracture following caries or trauma.

Relationship between molar incisor hypomineralization, intrapartium medication and illnesses in the first year of life.

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) affects the first permanent molars and permanent incisors whose formative embryological process develops around birth and the first year of life. This study's main objective is to assess the relationship between MIH, on the one hand, with the administration during childbirth of epidural bupivacaine, intramuscular meperidine with haloperidol, synthetic intravenous oxytocin, and prostaglandins such as dinoprostone vaginally, and on the other hand, with suffered pathologies during the first year of life. Cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out on 111 children who attended dental check-ups. Oral examination was carried out to determine MIH involvement. Data on the administration of medications during delivery and the illnesses suffered by the children in the first year of life were taken from the hospital records. Significant relationship with Pearson's chi-square was found between the presence of MIH and the administration of meperidine with haloperidol intramuscularly and the vaginal administration of dinoprostone during labour. Also in children who have suffered serious infections and those who have received antibiotics in early childhood. In recent years there has been a growing trend in many countries to medicalize childbirth even above what the World Health Organization recommends. Some of the drugs used in these protocols could be involved in the appearance of dental mineralization alterations of the MIH type and this would help to explain the increase in its prevalence.

Chronotropic Responses to Exercise and Recovery in Myocardial Infarction Patients Taking ß-Blockers Following Aerobic High-Intensity Interval Training: AN INTERFARCT STUDY.

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of two different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs (low-volume vs high-volume) on chronotropic responses during exercise and recovery, and to contrast the results of the HIIT groups together to only physical activity recommendations in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients taking ß-blockers. METHODS: Resting heart rate (HRrest), peak HR (HRpeak), HR reserve (HRreserve = HRpeak-HRrest), HR recovery (HRR) as the difference between HRpeak and post-exercise HR, and chronotropic incompetence were assessed in 70 patients (58 ± 8 yr) following MI with a cardiopulmonary exercise test to peak exertion before and after a 16-wk exercise intervention period. All participants were randomized to either attention control (AC) (physical activity recommendations) or one of the two supervised HIIT groups (2 d/wk). RESULTS: After the intervention, no significant between-HIIT group differences were observed. The HRpeak increased (P < .05) in low- (Δ= 8 ± 18%) and high-volume HIIT (Δ= 6 ± 9%), with a small decrease in AC (Δ=- 2 ± 12%, P > .05) resulting in large differences (P < .05) between HIIT and AC. The HRreserve increased (P < .05) in high-volume HIIT. The HRR slightly increased (P < .05) in low-volume (5th min, Δ= 19 ± 31%) and high-volume HIIT (2nd min, Δ= 15 ± 29%, and 5th min, Δ= 19 ± 28%). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that both low- and high-volume HIIT elicit similar improvements in chronotropic responses after MI, independent of ß-blocker treatment. Supervised HIIT was more effective than giving physical activity recommendations alone. Low-volume HIIT is presented as a potent and time-efficient exercise strategy that could enhance the sympathovagal balance in this population.

Low-Volume High-Intensity Aerobic Interval Training Is an Efficient Method to Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness After Myocardial Infarction: PILOT STUDY FROM THE INTERFARCT PROJECT.

PURPOSE: To analyze the changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition following 2 different (low-volume vs high-volume) high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT) programs with Mediterranean diet (Mediet) recommendations in individuals after myocardial infarction (MI) and compared with an attention control group (AC). METHODS: Body composition and CRF were assessed before and after a 16-wk intervention in 70 participants (58.4 ± 8.5 yr) diagnosed with MI. All participants received Mediet recommendations and were randomly assigned to the AC group (physical activity recommendations, n = 14) or one of the 2 supervised aerobic exercise groups (2 d/wk training): high-volume (40 min) HIIT (n = 28) and low-volume (20 min) HIIT (n = 28). RESULTS: Following the intervention, no significant changes were seen in the AC group and no differences between HIIT groups were found in any of the studied variables. Only HIIT groups showed reductions in waist circumference (low-volume HIIT, Δ = -4%, P < .05; high-volume HIIT, Δ = -2%, P < .001) and improvements in CRF (low-volume HIIT, Δ = 15%, P < .01; high-volume HIIT, Δ = 22%; P < .001) with significant between-group differences (attention control vs HIIT groups). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a 16-wk intervention (2 d/wk) of different HIIT volumes with Mediet recommendations could equally improve CRF and waist circumference after MI. Low-volume HIIT may be a potent and time-efficient exercise training strategy to improve functional capacity.

Solitary infantile gastrointestinal myofibroma: case report.

We report a case of a 7-year-old child who required emergency surgery for acute abdomen and suspected acute appendicitis. During surgery a tumor located in the small bowel that caused intestinal occlusion was found. Histopathologic analysis showed a solitary gastrointestinal myofibroma. This is a very rare tumor, especially as a single lesion, because in world literature, there are less than 10 cases reported.

Intervención educativa comunitaria sobre la diabetes en el ambito de la atención primaria / A community diabetes educational intervention at the primary-care level

Objetivos. Ofrecer una alternativa de educación sobre la diabetes con la participación de pacientes, familiares y personal sanitario, adaptada a las condiciones locales y a las necesidades sentidas por estas personas. Métodos. Se describe la metodología utilizada en una intervención educativa comunitara sobre la diabetes de tipo 2, dirigida a el primer nivel de atención. El estudio se realizó en el área de salud de El Guarco, Costa Rica. En una primera eatapa se hizo un estudio cualitativo sobre los conocimientos y prácticas de los paciente y del personal sanitario en relación con la prevención y el tratamiento de la diabetes y sobre la disponibilidad de alimentos en la comunidad. A partir de estos resultados, se desarrolló la metodología educativa, para lo cual se diseñaron un manual y dos procesos de capacitación sobre la diabetes, uno dirigido al personal sanitario y otros a los pacientes. Además, se desarrollaron estrategias comunitarias para dar sostenibilidad al proceso educativo. Resualtados. Se verificó que los pacientes no asocian el origen de la enfermedad con los antecedentes familiares ni el sobrepeso, que confunden los sitomas de hiperglucemia e hipoglucemia y que no hay homegeneidad en los mensajes de nutrición que reciben. Sobre la base del manual sobre diabetes, se capacitó al personal sanitario, cuyos conocimientos sobre el tratamiento y la prevención de la diabetes y sobre la metodología educativa mejoraron (promedio de 85 por ciento). A su vez, el personal sanitario capacitó a los pacientes diabéticos de su comunidad (edad:57,0 mas o menos 8,9 años, 92 por ciento mujeres(, quienes mostraron después del curso una disminución de la glucemia, de 189 mas o menos 79 mg/dL a 157 mas o menos 48 mg/dL (P=0,03), y de la hemoglobina glucosilada, de 11,3 mas o menos 2,4 por ciento a 9,7 man o menos 2,3 por ciento (P=0,05). No hubo cambios significativos del peso ni del perfil lipídico, a excepción de los tricglicéridos, que disminuyeron (P=0,040. Conclusiones. El nivel primario de atención es ideal para ejecutar programas educativos sobre el tratamiento y la detección temprana de la diabetes dirigidos a los pacientes, sus familiares y el personal sanitario. Se logró incorporar el programa educativo a la planificación anual del área de salud

Intervención educativa comunitaria sobre la diabetes en el ámbito de la atención primaria / A community diabetes educational intervention at the primary-care level

Objetivos. Ofrecer una alternativa de educación sobre la diabetes con la participación de pacientes, familiares y personal sanitario, adaptada a las condiciones locales y a las necesidades sentidas por estas personas. Métodos. Se describe la metodología utilizada en una intervención educativa comunitara sobre la diabetes de tipo 2, dirigida a el primer nivel de atención. El estudio se realizó en el área de salud de El Guarco, Costa Rica. En una primera eatapa se hizo un estudio cualitativo sobre los conocimientos y prácticas de los paciente y del personal sanitario en relación con la prevención y el tratamiento de la diabetes y sobre la disponibilidad de alimentos en la comunidad. A partir de estos resultados, se desarrolló la metodología educativa, para lo cual se diseñaron un manual y dos procesos de capacitación sobre la diabetes, uno dirigido al personal sanitario y otros a los pacientes. Además, se desarrollaron estrategias comunitarias para dar sostenibilidad al proceso educativo. Resualtados. Se verificó que los pacientes no asocian el origen de la enfermedad con los antecedentes familiares ni el sobrepeso, que confunden los sitomas de hiperglucemia e hipoglucemia y que no hay homegeneidad en los mensajes de nutrición que reciben. Sobre la base del manual sobre diabetes, se capacitó al personal sanitario, cuyos conocimientos sobre el tratamiento y la prevención de la diabetes y sobre la metodología educativa mejoraron (promedio de 85 por ciento). A su vez, el personal sanitario capacitó a los pacientes diabéticos de su comunidad (edad:57,0 mas o menos 8,9 años, 92 por ciento mujeres(, quienes mostraron después del curso una disminución de la glucemia, de 189 mas o menos 79 mg/dL a 157 mas o menos 48 mg/dL (P=0,03), y de la hemoglobina glucosilada, de 11,3 mas o menos 2,4 por ciento a 9,7 man o menos 2,3 por ciento (P=0,05). No hubo cambios significativos del peso ni del perfil lipídico, a excepción de los tricglicéridos, que disminuyeron (P=0,040. Conclusiones. El nivel primario de atención es ideal para ejecutar programas educativos sobre el tratamiento y la detección temprana de la diabetes dirigidos a los pacientes, sus familiares y el personal sanitario. Se logró incorporar el programa educativo a la planificación anual del área de salud

Modificación de prácticas alimentarias en diabéticos no insulino dependientes: efectos de una intervención educativa multidisciplinaria / Modification of alimentary practices in diabetic non insulin-dependiets: effects of an intervention

El trabajo reporta los hallazgos de una intervención comunitaria no tradicional en Diabetes Mellitus tipo II, sobre la modificación de prácticas alimentarias, desarrollado en una comunidad urbana de Costa Rica. El programa educativo consistió de 18 sesiones grupales de dos horas de duración cada una, se utilizaron metodologías participativas como demostraciones, visitas, sociodramas, simulaciones, discusión de grupos y representaciones, entre otras, a cargo de un equipo multidisciplinario. El estudio se realizó con 36 adultos diabéticos tipo II, sin complicaciones crónicas de la enfermedad, los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: 19 en el grupo experimental, quienes recibieron la intervención educativa y 17 conformaron el grupo control, quienes recibieron el tratamiento tradicional de atención ambulatoria. La dieta se evaluó en ambos grupos al inicio y al final del proceso educativo, utilizando el registro de consumo de tres días y la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Inicialmente en ambos grupos el consumo energético fue adecuado; al final del proceso, únicamente el grupo intervención redujo significativamente el contenido de grasas totales, ácidos grasos saturados, energía y colesterol de la dieta. En este mismo grupo, se evidenció el cambio en el tipo y calidad de grasa utilizada en la cocción de los alimentos, se redujo en 10 por ciento en consumo diario de manteca y se incrementó el de aceite en 13 por ciento, contrario a lo sucedido en el grupo de control. Los pacientes intervenidos redujeron el consumo de azúcar simple de 30 por ciento a 10 por ciento, mientras que en el grupo control aumentó en 5 por ciento al final del estudio. Se logró reorganizar los horarios de comidas, el espaciamiento entre las mismas y la consistencia de los diferentes tiempos de comidas, los cuales disminuyeron en un promedio de 5,3 a 4,8 al día. Como resultado de lo anterior, el grupo intervención perdió más peso que el grupo control, normalizó la glicemia y la hemoglobina glicosilada alcanzó valores deseables. El perfil lipídico se mantuvo en rangos aceptables.